Results for 'S. M. Downes'

961 found
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  1. Ontogeny, phylogeny, and scientific development.S. M. Downes - 1999 - In Valerie Gray Hardcastle, Where Biology Meets Psychology: Philosophical Essays. MIT Press. pp. 273--285.
  2.  33
    U.S. Consumer Sensitivity to Corporate Social Performance.Karen Paul, Lori M. Zalka, Meredith Downes, Susan Perry & Shawnta Friday - 1997 - Business and Society 36 (4):408-418.
    This study develops a scale to measure consumer sensitivity to corporate social performance (CSCSP) using the factor analysis procedure to generate a valid and reliable 11-item scale. Results from a U.S. sample of M.B.A. students suggest that women are more sensitive to CSP than men and that Democrats are more sensitive to CSP than Republicans. Future research can use this scale to measure the correlation between attitudes toward CSP and actual behavior.
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  3.  33
    Volume 14 List of Contributors.P. Anker, P. D. Barclay, A. Bashford, S. Bergia, G. Clarsen, M. Colyvan, I. Crozier, T. Dartnall, I. Douven & S. M. Downes - 2005 - Metascience 14 (3):511-512.
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  4.  59
    Some Fragments of Galen's on Dispositions (Περί θν) in Arabic.S. M. Stern - 1956 - Classical Quarterly 6 (1-2):91-.
    The Greek original of Galen's is lost, nor has a copy of the complete translation into Arabic, made by Hunayn b. Ishāq in the first half of the ninth century, come down to us, though some passages of it are quoted by various Arab authors. A summary of the translation, however, was discovered by P. Kraus in a miscellaneous manuscript in Cairo and published by him in the Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Egypt, vol. v/i.
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  5. A Critique of the Critical Realism Approach to Social Emergence.S. M. Reza Amiri Tehrani - 2022 - Occidental Studies 13 (2):121-145.
    Social emergence is one the most important problems in social science that the way it is answered affects the results of social studies and policies. The complexity of social emergence conception has caused a variety of definitions. This article seeks to define the robust social emergence conditions, using the philosophy of mind conception such as subvenience, wildly disjunctives, and multiple realization. Different approaches have different challenges in satisfying robust social emergence conditions. These challenges could be formulated in three problems i.e. (...)
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  6. Needs and opportunities in mineral evolution research.R. M. Hazen, A. Bekker, D. L. Bish, W. Bleeker, R. T. Downs, J. Farquhar, J. M. Ferry, E. S. Grew, A. H. Knoll, D. Papineau, J. P. Ralph & J. W. da SverjenskyValley - unknown
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  7.  80
    An Early History of the Heritability Coefficient Applied to Humans.Stephen M. Downes & Eric Turkheimer - 2022 - Biological Theory 17 (2):126-137.
    Fisher’s 1918 paper accomplished two distinct goals: unifying discrete Mendelian genetics with continuous biometric phenotypes and quantifying the variance components of variation in complex human characteristics. The former contributed to the foundation of modern quantitative genetics; the latter was adopted by social scientists interested in the pursuit of Galtonian nature-nurture questions about the biological and social origins of human behavior, especially human intelligence. This historical divergence has produced competing notions of the estimation of variance ratios referred to as heritability. Jay (...)
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  8. Can a theory-Laden observation test the theory?A. Franklin, M. Anderson, D. Brock, S. Coleman, J. Downing, A. Gruvander, J. Lilly, J. Neal, D. Peterson, M. Price, R. Rice, L. Smith, S. Speirer & D. Toering - 1989 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40 (2):229-231.
  9.  45
    The Role of Ancient DNA Research in Archaeology.Stephen M. Downes - 2019 - Topoi 40 (1):285-293.
    In this paper I briefly introduce work on ancient-DNA and give some examples of the impact this work has had on responses to questions in archaeology. Next, I spell out David Reich’s reasons for his optimism about the contribution aDNA research makes to archaeology. I then use Robert Chapman and Alison Wylie’s framework to offer an alternative to Reich’s view of relations between aDNA research and archaeology. Finally, I develop Steven Mithen’s point about the different questions archaeologists and geneticists ask, (...)
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  10.  21
    Modeling scientific practice: Paul Thagard's computational approach.Stephen M. Downes - 1993 - New Ideas in Psychology 11 (2):229-243.
    In this paper I examine Paul Thagard's computational approach to studying science, which is a contribution to the cognitive science of science. I present several criticisms of Thagard's approach and use them to motivate some suggestions for alternative approaches in cognitive science of science. I first argue that Thagard does not clearly establish the units of analysis of his study. Second, I argue that Thagard mistakenly applies the same model to both individual and group decision making. Finally, I argue that (...)
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  11.  39
    Corporate Boards and Ownership Structure as Antecedents of Corporate Governance Disclosure in Saudi Arabian Publicly Listed Corporations.Yvonne Downs, Kwaku K. Opong, Collins G. Ntim & Waleed M. Al-Bassam - 2018 - Business and Society 57 (2):335-377.
    This study investigates whether and to what extent publicly listed corporations voluntarily comply with and disclose recommended good corporate governance practices, and distinctively examines whether the observed cross-sectional differences in such CG disclosures can be explained by ownership and board mechanisms with specific focus on Saudi Arabia. The study’s results suggest that corporations with larger boards, a Big 4 auditor, higher government ownership, a CG committee, and higher institutional ownership disclose considerably more than those that are not. By contrast, the (...)
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  12.  35
    Confronting Variation in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.Stephen M. Downes - 2016 - Philosophy of Science 83 (5):909-920.
    I pose problems for the views that human nature should be the object of study in the social and behavioral sciences and that a concept of human nature is needed to guide research in these sciences. I proceed by outlining three research programs in the social sciences, each of which confronts aspects of human variation. Next, I present Elizabeth Cashdan and Grant Ramsey’s related characterizations of human nature. I go on to argue that the research methodologies they each draw on (...)
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  13. Harris, IM, 47 Hauser, MD, 654 Hausmann, M., 315 Hoffmann, J., 89.L. Huber, G. S. Dell, W. H. Dittrich, P. Downing, P. E. Dux, D. Eckstein, M. J. Fenske, A. D. Friederici, A. Frischen & D. January - 2007 - Cognition 104:669-670.
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  14.  50
    Agents and norms in the new economics of science.Stephen M. Downes - 2001 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 31 (2):224-238.
    In this article, the author focuses on Philip Kitcher's and Alvin Goldman's economic models of the social character of scientific knowledge production. After introducing some relevant methodological issues in the social sciences and characterizing Kitcher's and Goldman's models, the author goes on to show that special problems arise directly from the concept of an agent invoked in the models. The author argues that the two distinct concepts of agents, borrowed from economics and cognitive psychology, are inconsistent. Finally, the author discusses (...)
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  15. Index of Authors Volume 5, 2001.A. Acevedo, E. H. Y. Boo, J. Brinkmann, E. S. Callahan, B. Castro, L. Chalip, P. M. Clikeman, L. Dickie, J. Down & D. D. DuFrene - 2001 - Teaching Business Ethics 5 (485).
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  16.  15
    Maria Kronfeldner's What’s Left of Human Nature? [REVIEW]Stephen M. Downes - 2019 - BJPS Review of Books.
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  17.  42
    Can safety assurance procedures in the food industry be used to evaluate a medical screening programme? The application of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system to an antenatal serum screening programme for Down's syndrome. Stage 1: identifying significant hazards.M. Clare Derrington, Janet D. Glencross, Elizabeth S. Draper, Ronald T. Hsu & Jennifer J. Kurinczuk - 2003 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 9 (1):39-47.
  18. Evolutionary psychology is not the only productive evolutionary approach to understanding consumer behavior.Stephen M. Downes - 2013 - Journal of Consumer Psychology 23 (3):400-403.
    I respond to Vladas Griskevicius and Douglas T. Kendrick (G&K) and Gad Saad's (S) defenses of the view that Consumer Studies would benefit from the appeal to evolution in all work aimed at understanding consumer behavior. I argue that G&K and S's reliance on one theoretical perspective, that of evolutionary psychology, limits their options. Further, I point out some specific problems with the theoretical perspective of evolutionary psychology. Finally, I introduce some alternative evolutionary approaches to studying human behavior that could (...)
     
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  19.  14
    Are You Experienced?Stephen M. Downes - 2010-09-24 - In Fritz Allhoff & Stephen E. Schmid, Climbing ‐ Philosophy for Everyone. Wiley‐Blackwell. pp. 195–205.
    This chapter contains sections titled: Coda: Getting Something Back Notes.
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  20. Can scientific development and children's cognitive development be the same process?Stephen M. Downes - 1999 - Philosophy of Science 66 (4):565-578.
    In this paper I assess Gopnik and Meltzoff's developmental psychology of science as a contribution to the understanding of scientific development. I focus on two specific aspects of Gopnik and Meltzoff's approach: the relation between their views and recapitulationist views of ontogeny and phylogeny in biology, and their overall conception of cognition as a set of veridical processes. First, I discuss several issues that arise from their appeal to evolutionary biology, focusing specifically on the role of distinctions between ontogeny and (...)
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  21.  44
    An evaluation of educational outreach to improve evidence‐based prescribing in Medicaid: a cautionary tale.Alan J. Zillich, Ronald T. Ackermann, Timothy E. Stump, Roberta J. Ambuehl, Steven M. Downs, Ann M. Holmes, Barry Katz & Thomas S. Inui - 2008 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 14 (5):854-860.
  22. No Magic Bullet Explains the Evolution of Unique Human Traits.Stephen M. Downes - 2013 - Biological Theory 8 (1):15-19.
    Here I outline the argument in Kim Sterelny’s book The Evolved Apprentice. I present some worries for Sterelny from the perspective of modelers in behavioral ecology. I go on to discuss Sterelny’s approach to moral psychology and finally introduce some potential new applications for his evolved apprentice view.
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  23.  70
    Truth, selection and scientific inquiry.Stephen M. Downes - 2000 - Biology and Philosophy 15 (3):425-442.
    In this paper I examine various ways in whichphilosophers have made connections between truth andnatural selection. I introduce several versions ofthe view that mechanisms of true belief generationarise as a result of natural selection and argue thatthey fail to establish a connection between truth andnatural selection. I then turn to scientific truthsand argue that evolutionary accounts of the origin ofscientific truth generation mechanisms also fail. Iintroduce David Hull's selectionist model ofscientific development and argue that his account ofscientific success does not (...)
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  24.  42
    Review of Maria Kronfeldner, What's Left of Human Nature. [REVIEW]Stephen M. Downes - 2019 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science Review of Books.
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  25.  44
    Why we should have seen that coming.M. J. Wolf, K. Miller & F. S. Grodzinsky - 2017 - Acm Sigcas Computers and Society 47 (3):54-64.
    In this paper we examine the case of Tay, the Microsoft AI chatbot that was launched in March, 2016. After less than 24 hours, Microsoft shut down the experiment because the chatbot was generating tweets that were judged to be inappropriate since they included racist, sexist, and anti-Semitic language. We contend that the case of Tay illustrates a problem with the very nature of learning software that interacts directly with the public, and the developer's role and responsibility associated with it. (...)
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  26. Human Nature: An Overview.Stephen M. Downes - 2016 - In Richard Joyce, The Routledge Handbook of Evolution and Philosophy. New York: Routledge. pp. 155-166.
    Debates about human nature inform every philosophical tradition from their inception (see Stevenson 2000 for many examples). Evolutionarily based criticisms of human nature are of much more recent origin. Ironically, most evolutionarily based criticisms of human nature are directed at work whose avowed goal is to biologicize human nature and even to place human nature within an evolutionary frame. Here I will focus on accounts of human nature that begin with and come after E.O. Wilson’s sociobiology. I will also focus (...)
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  27.  31
    Can safety assurance procedures in the food industry be used to evaluate a medical screening programme? The application of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system to an antenatal serum screening programme for Down's syndrome. Stage 2: overcoming the hazards in programme delivery.M. Clare Derrington, Elizabeth S. Draper, Ronald T. Hsu & Jennifer J. Kurinczuk - 2003 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 9 (1):49-57.
  28.  97
    LLMs are not just next token predictors.Alex Grzankowski, Stephen M. Downes & Partick Forber - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    LLMs are statistical models of language learning through stochastic gradient descent with a next token prediction objective. Prompting a popular view among AI modelers: LLMs are just next token predictors. While LLMs are engineered using next token prediction, and trained based on their success at this task, our view is that a reduction to just next token predictor sells LLMs short. Moreover, there are important explanations of LLM behavior and capabilities that are lost when we engage in this kind of (...)
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  29. Are you experienced? What you don't know about your climbing experience.Stephen M. Downes - 2010 - In Fritz Allhoff & Stephen E. Schmid, Climbing - Philosophy for Everyone: Because It's There. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
     
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  30.  5
    (1 other version)The Uselessness of Polygenic Scores for Addressing Campus Drinking.Bennett Knox, Hannah Allen & Stephen M. Downes - 2024 - Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology 31 (4):437-439.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:The Uselessness of Polygenic Scores for Addressing Campus DrinkingBennett Knox (bio), Hannah Allen (bio), and Stephen M. Downes, PhD (bio)Here we articulate a negative answer to Turkheimer and Greer’s question: “Is it possible to envision a genetically informed program that ethically intervenes on campus drinking?” (Turkheimer & Greer, 2024). However, first, we note that the authors cover an immense amount of ground in their paper. They lend insight (...)
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  31. Moving past the levels of selection debates: review of Samir Okasha’s Evolution and the Levels of Selection: Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006. [REVIEW]Stephen M. Downes - 2010 - Biology and Philosophy 25 (3):417-423.
  32. LLMs are Not Just Next Token Predictors.Alex Grzankowski, Stephen M. Downes & Patrick Forber - manuscript
    LLMs are statistical models of language learning through stochastic gradient descent with a next token prediction objective. Prompting a popular view among AI modelers: LLMs are just next token predictors. While LLMs are engineered using next token prediction, and trained based on their success at this task, our view is that a reduction to just next token predictor sells LLMs short. Moreover, there are important explanations of LLM behavior and capabilities that are lost when we engage in this kind of (...)
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  33.  26
    Organizational Development.M. S. Srinivasan - 2005 - Journal of Human Values 11 (2):149-160.
    The term ‘organizational development’ is defined in management textbooks as a ‘collection of planned change interventions built on democratic–humanistic values that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and well–being’. But we use the term in a simpler and broader sense as the evolution and development of an organization towards its highest potential. In this article we present the broad outlines of a strategic vision of organizational development based on the aims and principles of yoga. The word ‘yoga’ has now become well (...)
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  34.  59
    European and American Philosophers.John Marenbon, Douglas Kellner, Richard D. Parry, Gregory Schufreider, Ralph McInerny, Andrea Nye, R. M. Dancy, Vernon J. Bourke, A. A. Long, James F. Harris, Thomas Oberdan, Paul S. MacDonald, Véronique M. Fóti, F. Rosen, James Dye, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Lisa J. Downing, W. J. Mander, Peter Simons, Maurice Friedman, Robert C. Solomon, Nigel Love, Mary Pickering, Andrew Reck, Simon J. Evnine, Iakovos Vasiliou, John C. Coker, Georges Dicker, James Gouinlock, Paul J. Welty, Gianluigi Oliveri, Jack Zupko, Tom Rockmore, Wayne M. Martin, Ladelle McWhorter, Hans-Johann Glock, Georgia Warnke, John Haldane, Joseph S. Ullian, Steven Rieber, David Ingram, Nick Fotion, George Rainbolt, Thomas Sheehan, Gerald J. Massey, Barbara D. Massey, David E. Cooper, David Gauthier, James M. Humber, J. N. Mohanty, Michael H. Dearmey, Oswald O. Schrag, Ralf Meerbote, George J. Stack, John P. Burgess, Paul Hoyningen-Huene, Nicholas Jolley, Adriaan T. Peperzak, E. J. Lowe, William D. Richardson, Stephen Mulhall & C. - 1991 - In Robert L. Arrington, A Companion to the Philosophers. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 109–557.
    Peter Abelard (1079–1142 ce) was the most wide‐ranging philosopher of the twelfth century. He quickly established himself as a leading teacher of logic in and near Paris shortly after 1100. After his affair with Heloise, and his subsequent castration, Abelard became a monk, but he returned to teaching in the Paris schools until 1140, when his work was condemned by a Church Council at Sens. His logical writings were based around discussion of the “Old Logic”: Porphyry's Isagoge, aristotle'S Categories and (...)
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  35.  64
    Ground State H-Atom in Born-Infeld Theory.S. Habib Mazharimousavi & M. Halilsoy - 2012 - Foundations of Physics 42 (4):524-530.
    Within the context of Born-Infeld (BI) nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) we revisit the non-relativistic, spinless H-atom. The pair potential computed from the Born-Infeld equations is approximated by the Morse type potential with remarkable fit over the critical region where the convergence of both the short and long distance expansions slows down dramatically. The Morse potential is employed to determine both the ground state energy of the electron and the BI parameter.
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  36.  38
    Informed choice of pregnant women in prenatal screening tests for Down's syndrome.Hsien-Hsien Chiang, Y. M. Yu Chao & Y. S. Yuh - 2006 - Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (5):273-277.
  37. Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Aggression.Elizabeth Cashdan & Stephen M. Downes - 2012 - Human Nature 23 (1):1-4.
    The papers in this volume present varying approaches to human aggression, each from an evolutionary perspective. The evolutionary studies of aggression collected here all pursue aspects of patterns of response to environmental circumstances and consider explicitly how those circumstances shape the costs and benefits of behaving aggressively. All the authors understand various aspects of aggression as evolved adaptations but none believe that this implies we are doomed to continued violence, but rather that variation in aggression has evolutionary roots. These papers (...)
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  38.  21
    Let's get down to the “wetware” and look at evolutionarily motivated mechanisms.Harvey M. Sussman - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):182-183.
  39. Royce's Voyage down under: A Journey of the Mind.Frank M. Oppenheim - 1981 - Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 17 (3):289-291.
     
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  40.  70
    Shallow versus deep genetic causes.Adam C. Smith & Stephen M. Downes - 2023 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 46:e201.
    We argue that Madole & Harden's distinction between shallow versus deep genetic causes can bring some clarity to causal claims arising from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). However, the authors argue that GWAS only finds shallow genetic causes, making GWAS commensurate with the environmental studies they hope to supplant. We also assess whether their distinction applies best to explanations or causes.
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  41.  50
    Posthypnotic suggestion and the modulation of stroop interference under cycloplegia.A. Raz, S. K., R. H., R. Z., T. Shapiro, J. Fan & I. M. - 2003 - Consciousness and Cognition 12 (3):332-346.
    Recent data indicate that under a specific posthypnotic suggestion to circumvent reading, highly suggestible subjects successfully eliminated the Stroop interference effect. The present study examined whether an optical explanation could account for this finding. Using cyclopentolate hydrochloride eye drops to pharmacologically prevent visual accommodation in all subjects, behavioral Stroop data were collected from six highly hypnotizables and six less suggestibles using an optical setup that guaranteed either sharply focused or blurred vision. The highly suggestibles performed the Stroop task when naturally (...)
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  42. Frank M. Oppenheim, "Royce's Voyage Down Under: A Journal of the Mind". [REVIEW]Donna M. Orange - 1981 - Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 17 (3):289.
     
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  43.  27
    Scaling down the Earth’s history: Visual materials for popular education by Nérée Boubée (1806–1862).Silvia F. De M. Figueirôa - 2023 - History of Science 61 (3):383-408.
    Spatial and temporal scales are essential components of geological sciences; both are almost always imbricated in complex ways, challenging geoscientific knowledge among nonspecialists and students. The present paper focuses on the efforts made by the French naturalist Simon-Suzanne Nérée Boubée (1806–62) regarding popular education on geology. Though Boubée is poorly known nowadays, he experienced some prestige during his lifetime. He worked as an independent teacher, offering private as well as free public courses. Boubée, as a nineteenth-century science popularizer, repeatedly insisted (...)
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  44. Justice as fairness in preparing for emergency remote teaching: A case from Botswana.M. S. Mogodi, Dominic Griffiths, M. C. Molwantwa, M. B. Kebaetse, M. Tarpley & D. R. Prozesky - 2022 - African Journal of Health Professions Education 14 (1):1-6.
    Background. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated drastic changes to undergraduate medical training at the University of Botswana (UB). To save the academic year when campus was locked down, the Department of Medical Education conducted a needs assessment to determine the readiness for emergency remote teaching (ERT) of the Faculty of Medicine, UB. Objectives. To report on the findings of needs assessment surveys to assess learner and teaching staff preparedness for fair and just ERT, as defined by philosopher John Rawls. Methods. Needs (...)
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  45.  50
    The Self and Its Brain. [REVIEW]S. M. - 1982 - Review of Metaphysics 35 (4):894-896.
    This work is understood as an up-to-date philosophical and neurobiological answer to materialist positions concerning the nature of the human mind maintained in the English-speaking philosophy of today. Against physicalist and parallelist views of the body-mind relationship a "strong dualist-interactionist" theory of this relation is defended, in which the primacy is ascribed to the self using, modifying, and shaping its brain in deliberate autonomy. This theory is proposed and clarified in 3 sections. In the first part of the book, Popper (...)
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  46.  58
    Surf’s up, gluten’s down..Wendy M. Grossman - 2006 - The Philosophers' Magazine 34:96-96.
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  47. Achieving Global Justice in Health Through Global Research Ethics: Supplementing Macklin's "Top-Down" Approach with one from the "Ground Up".Eric M. Meslin - 2008 - In Ronald Michael Green, Aine Donovan & Steven A. Jauss, Global bioethics: issues of conscience for the twenty-first century. New York: Oxford University Press.
     
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  48.  67
    The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory.Chai M. Tyng, Hafeez U. Amin, Mohamad N. M. Saad & Aamir S. Malik - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8:235933.
    Emotion has a substantial influence on the cognitive processes in humans, including perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. Emotion has a particularly strong influence on attention, especially modulating the selectivity of attention as well as motivating action and behavior. This attentional and executive control is intimately linked to learning processes, as intrinsically limited attentional capacities are better focused on relevant information. Emotion also facilitates encoding and helps retrieval of information efficiently. However, the effects of emotion on learning and (...)
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  49.  58
    Informed choice of pregnant women in prenatal screening tests for Down’s syndrome.H. -H. Chiang, Y. -M. Chao & Y. -S. Yuh - 2006 - Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (5):273-277.
    Background: Although maternal serum screening for Down’s syndrome has become routinely available in most obstetric clinics in many countries, few studies have addressed the reasons why women agree to undergo the MSS test.Objectives: The aims of this study were to describe the circumstances in which MSS was offered to pregnant women and their reasons for undertaking it.Methods: Participant observation and in depth interviews were used in this study; specifically, the experiences of women who had a positive result for MSS and (...)
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  50.  94
    Codes of ethics in Hong Kong: Their adoption and impact in the run up to the 1997 transition of sovereignty to china. [REVIEW]Robin S. Snell, Almaz M.-K. Chak & Jess W.-H. Chu - 1999 - Journal of Business Ethics 22 (4):281 - 309.
    Following a government campaign run by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in 1994, many Hong Kong companies and trade associations adopted written codes of conduct. The research study reported here examines how and why companies responded, and assesses the impact of code adoption on the moral climate of code adopters. The research involved (a) initial questionnaire surveys to which 184 organisations replied, (b) longitudinal questionnaire-based assessments of moral ethos and conduct in a focal sample of 17 code adopting companies, (...)
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